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Scientific American: Illusion
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00086_Field_frep63.txt
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1996-12-30
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82 lines
In many cells, perhaps one-
fifth of the population, moving
the stimulus brings out another
kind of specific response.
Instead of firing equally well to
both movements, back and
forth, many cells will
consistently respond better to
one of the two directions. One
movement may even produce a
strong response and the reverse
movement none or almost
none, as illustrated in the
figure to the left.
In a single experiment we
can test the responses of 200 to
300 cells simply by learning all
about one cell and then
pushing the electrode ahead to
the next cell to study it.
Because once you have inserted
the delicate electrode you
obviously can't move it
sideways without destroying it
or the even more delicate
cortex, this technique limits
your examination to cells lying
in a straight line. Fifty cells per
millimeter of penetration is
about the maximum we can get
with present methods. When
the orientation preferences of a
few hundred or a thousand cells
are examined, all orientations
turn out to be about equally
represented--vertical,
horizontal, and every possible
oblique. Considering the nature
of the world we look at,
containing as it does trees and
horizons, the question arises
whether any particular
orientations, such as vertical
and horizontal, are better
represented than the others.
Answers differ with different
laboratory results, but everyone
agrees that if biases do exist,
they must be small--small
enough to require statistics to
discern them, which may mean
they are negligible!
In the monkey striate
cortex, about 70 to 80 percent of
cells have this property of
orientation specificity. In the
cat, all cortical cells seem to be
orientation selective, even
those with direct geniculate
input.
We find striking differences
among orientation-specific
cells, not just in optimum
stimulus orientation or in the
position of the receptive field
on the retina, but in the way
cells behave. The most useful
distinction is between two
classes of cells: simple and
complex. As their names
suggest, the two types differ in
the complexity of their
behavior, and we make the
reasonable assumption that the
cells with the simpler behavior
are closer in the circuit to the
input of the cortex.